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R Programming | What | Why | R

on July 23, 2024

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Operators & Expressions

Operators & Expressions Operator is a symbol used for preparing an equation or expression. Most of the equation/expression include two things namely operands and operators. For instance, a+b where a and b are operands, + is an operator There are 3 category of operators, 1. Unary 2. Binary 3. Ternary Unary Operators :- This operator takes only one operand. Minus is a unary opeartor. Ex: -5, -a Binary Operators :- This operator takes two operands like +,*,/,% etc. Ex: a+b Ternary Operators :- This operator takes three operands. In C, a conditional operator (?:) is a ternary operator. Ex: a>b ? 1 : 0 Different types of Operators :- Arithmetic Operators : +,-,*,/ and % (Moduls division used for getting remainder of division) Relational Operators : <, <=, >, >=, ==, != These operators are used to make comparisons. After comparison they return either true or false. Logica

PROGRAMMING

Programming Language is a media of communication between programmer and computer. Types of PL(Programming Language ) :- 1. Low level 2. High Level Low Level PL :- These languages are used to program the computer at hardware level. Those who have a knowledge of architecture of computer can program computer using these languages. Types : 1. Machine Level PL 2. Assembly level PL Machine level PL :- In this language the programs are written using Binary language i.e. 0 & 1. Using this language we can completely utilise the computer hardware and memory . Programs written in this will work fast and efficiently because it doesn't require any translation. But remembering binary codes and detecting errors is tedious task. Assembly level PL :- In this language english simple words are used as instructions instead of binary codes. These are called as Mnemonics. These are easy to remember, write an

Character Set

Character Set :- possible character can be used in C language statements are called character set. Letters : Both uppercase and lowercase a-z, A-Z can be used. Numbers : 0-9 Special Symbols : " ", ' ', (), [ ] , { }, *, & etc. Tokens :- To prepare a complete C statement we require words, symbols, numbers etc. are called as tokens. Types of tokens :- Keyword : These are reserved words of the language where the meaning and syntax (the method of writing command) is predefined in the language. Following are the list of Keywords present in C, auto break case char const continue for goto if int long register default do double else enum extern float void volatile return short while signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned Identifier : These are user defined words apart from keywords. Constant : It is a value which is fixed and

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R Programming | What | Why | R

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